TS 1109 ''^-"' ^.r'-' 

.W4 

Copy 1 



Research Department Report 

on the 

Paper Manufacturing Industry 




This report is the property of the Weyerhaeuser 
Sales Company, Spokane, Washington, and is 
to be treated as confidential by the salesman. 



Copyright 1911 Weyerhaeuser Forest Products 



DEC 24 1920 



C1A613104 



o^ 



Research Department Report 



^ is.esearcn i^ej 

on the 



Paper Manufacturing Industry 

Extent and Distribution of Market — 

There are more than 500 paper manufacturers in the United States but 
probably not more than 200 of them are extensive users of lumber for 
packing boxes, frames or crates. The estimated annual lumber require- 
ments of these companies based largely upon individual reports is, in round 
figures, 140,000,000 feet of lumber grouped according to states as follows: 

Connecticut 2,664,000 feet 

Delaware 480,000 

District of Columbia 200,000 

Indiana 935,000 

Maine 15,800,000 

Maryland 6,000,000 

Massachusetts 32,385,000 

Michigan 14,760,000 

New Hampshire 2,650,000 

New Jersey 4,005,000 

New York 10,830,000 

Ohio 14,160,000 

Pennsylvania 22,520,000 

Vermont 500,000 

Wisconsin 14,447,000 

TOTAL 142,336,000 feet 

Classification of Products — 

Paper mill products may be divided into three general classes with reference 
to the method of packing for shipment. 

(1) Papers requiring wood boxes or frames. 

This class represents approximately tiventy-Jive per cent of the total paper 
tonnage of the country. 

From ninety to ninety-five per cent of the lumber used in packing paper 
products is used for packing the papers included in this class. No form of 
paper package is suitable and these products must be shipped in wooden 



boxes or frames, even when shipped by the carload. The demand for lumber 
for this purpose is affected only by the demand for these paper products. 

This class includes: 

Writing papers, such as bonds, linens, ledgers, fiat writing, fine cor- 
respondence, French folio, onion skin, etc. 

Book papers in sheets, such as fine machine finish, sized and super 
calendered, English finish, antique, p'ated, coated, lithograph, offset, 
etc. 

Fine cover papers. 

Fine cardboards and any boards that are coated or highly finished, 
such as coated blanks, etc. 
Enameled blotting. 

Special papers, such as drawing paper, gummed paper, lining paper, 
etc. 

(2) Papers that are either shipped in light wooden boxes or crates, 
OR in corrugated or fibre containers. 

This class represents approximately five per cent of the total paper tonnage. 
A number of manufacturers of this class of products still use lumber, but 
the present tendency is in favor of the paper container. 
This class includes: 

Tissues and tissue paper products. 

Crepe papers and crepe paper products. 

Special papers and paper products that are light in weight, including 

manifold papers and writing paper in boxes and envelopes. 

(3) Papers usually shipped in bundles or in rolls without other 
protection than a wrapping of heavy paper. 

This class represents approximately seventy per cent of the total paper tonnage. 
This class includes: 

News print in sheets or rolls. 

Magazine paper and special papers that are printed from the roll. 

Common cover papers. 

Common Boards, including strawboard, pulp board, news board, 

corrugated board, binders' board, trunk board, press board, leather 

board, etc. 

Manila writing paper. 

Plain blotting paper. 

Hanging or wall papers. 

Paper bags and coarse paper products. 

Wrapping paper, building paper, roofing paper, etc. 



All paper products require wooden boxes for export shipments. 

Construction of Cases — Cases for heavy papers are usually made of one inch 

boards of various widths, and reinforced with end cleats of the same 

thickness. 

Typical shipping cases for book paper, bond, ledger, bristol and cardboard 

are: 
253/2"x383/2"xl33^" to hold 5 reams 25x38—100 lb. Coated Book Paper. 
223^"x34i/^"x24" " " 20 " 17x22— 28 lb. Bond Paper. 
28K"x343^"x24" " "24 " 17x28— 251/^ lb. Ledger Paper. 
22H"x283^"x26" " " 4 " 22x28—140 lb. Bristol Board 
25 3^"x303^"x24" " " 4 " 25x30—140 lb. Cardboard. 

Packages of all the heavier kinds of papers are well standardized at from 
500 pounds to 600 pounds in weight and approximately the same package 
weight applies to all weights of paper. For instance, a standard package of 
100 pound paper will consist of 5 reams and of 50 pound paper of 10 reams. 
If the paper weighs 80 pounds to the ream, however, a ream will not be 
broken and the package will weigh 480 pounds or 560 pounds. 
Consequently the varying weights of the sheets may account for as light 
variation in the height of the package for one grade of paper. 
Cases for tissues, envelopes and light paper products are usually made of 
^" ends and cleats and 3^" sides, tops and bottoms. 

As a rule all kinds of papers that are shipped in wooden cases are well 
packed and reach their destination in good condition. Paper distributors, 
however, don't fail to notice the packages that are especially good. Several 
distributors for instance, who distribute S. D. Warren & Co.'s papers along 
with a great variety of other papers, refer to the Warren cases as always 
good or as the best of any they receive. Distributors like to get good cases 
so they can make use of them for repacking to ship to their customers. 
The Warren people say that they once tried out a wire bound case and 
considered it quite satisfactory, but returned to the established case on 
account of the protests of their distributors, who didn't find them satis- 
factory for their reshipping purposes. 

Construction of Frames — Small shipments that can be made without casing, 
are wrapped in heavy paper, protected at top and bottom by wooden 
frames and tied with twine. Wooden frames used in place of cases are of 
two types, the skeleton frame made of 1x2 to 3 inch strips with narrower 
cross pieces — and the solid frame consisting of a solid platform of thin 
boards with a reinforcement similar to the skeleton frame. The skeleton 
frame is more extensivelv used than the solid frame but the use of either 




Typical Shipping Cases used by S. D. Warren & Co., Boston, Mass. Each 
of these cases contains 5 reams 32x40—119 lb. Book Paper. Basic weight 
25 X 38 — 80 lbs. per ream. 



type on shipments of a size to warrant the use of cases is limited. A con- 
siderable amount of twine is required to make a package that will stand 
rough handling. Only about a third as much paper can be packed this way 
as in a standard case. Since there must be a frame on the top as well as on 
the bottom of the package, that means si.x frames as compared to one 
shipping case, and the saving in lumber is small. 

Construction of Export Cases — The chief difference between domestic and 
export shipping cases is that the latter are well strapped with metal straps. 
Some companies use a better grade of lumber for export cases or select for 
the purpose the best boards from the grade purchased for domestic cases. 

Why Paper Manufacturers Buy Lumber, Not Shooks — Paper products of 
the first class, which require most of the lumber used for packing, are 
produced in such a great number of sizes, weights and bulks that it is 
practically impossible to use a standardized case or box shook. A single 
company oftentimes uses more than one hundred different sizes of boxes in 
shipping their paper. 

The width and length of the shipping case are determined by the size of 
the sheet of paper. Large sheets are packed in cases of the proper width 
and length to fit a single sheet and smaller sheets in cases to fit two sheets, 
packed side by side. On account of the weight a very close fit is required 
in order to avoid shifting and damage to the paper, consequently, special 
cases are made for each size of sheet, however slight the variation in size. 
In book papers this means eleven different widths and lengths of cases for 
the regular sizes, and in ledger papers fourteen different widths and lengths 
for regular s'zes. Special sizes greatly exceed in number the regular sizes. 
See page 8 for list of standard sizes. 

The height of the shipping case is determined by the weight and bulk of 
the paper. 

Sheets of the same size are produced in varying weights. For example, 
coated book paper 25x38 is produced in eight different weights which 
necessitate eight different heights of cases of the same width and length. 
This variation in height applies in a greater or less degree to the cases for 
all the standard sizes of papers of all classes. 
See page 9 for list of standard basic weights. 

The other factor that determines the height of case is bulk. The different 
classes of paper of the same weight may vary enough in bulk to make a 
considerable difference in the height of the case. For instance, two of the 
several different classes of book paper made by S. D. Warren & Company 
bulk as follows: 




Typical frames used by some manufacturers for shipping cheaper grades of 
Book Paper. These packages are wrapped in strong paper, protected top and 
bottom with frames and tied with strong twine. Note that three of these 
packages bulk about the same as one of the shipping cases shown on page 4. 



Library Text (English Finish) 50 pounds to the ream, bulks 350 sheets to 
the inch. 

Old Style (Antique Book) 50 pounds to the ream, bulks 233 sheets to the 
inch. 

One bond or writing paper will be more bulky than another of the same 
weight and the same thing applies to cover papers and other products. 
Papers that show enough difference in bulk to affect the height of the case 
may be classified broadly as soft, medium and hard. Most mills make 
papers of all three descriptions, consequently, the variation in the heights 
of cases to accommodate different bulks is approximately three times 
as great as the weights indicate. Due to these two factors, namely, 
weight and bulk, a variety of no less than five different heights is re- 
quired for cases that are uniform in their other dimensions. 

Kinds of Lumber Used — Seventeen different kinds of wood are reported used 
for packing cases — eight soft woods and nine hardwoods. The hardwoods 
are used chiefly in Wisconsin. The majority of manufacturers are using 
soft woods such as White Pine, Western Soft Pine, Spruce, Western Red 
Cedar, Hemlock, Yellow Pine and Douglas Fir. 

Comparative price usually determines the class of material that will be 
used although some of the larger companies are using better lumber than 
formerly and are making contracts for their requirements with dependable 
manufacturers. 

The grades and kinds of lumber the Weyerhaeuser Sales Company have 
sold to paper manufacturers are listed below and give a very clear idea of 
the desirability of this business from the mill's viewpoint. 
1x4 & Wider 6 to 20' #4 Northern Pine 
" " #5 Northern Pine 

" #4 Idaho White Pine 

" " #5 Idaho White & Western Pine 

« #4 Western Soft Pine 

#4 Fir & Larch 
#4 Western Red Cedar 
#3 & Better Common White Fir 
(Specified widths) 
" " #4 Common White Fir 

" " #2 Common Douglas Fir 

" #2 Southern Pine 

« #3 Southern Pine 

Paper manufacturers like a light wood for their cases in order to keep down 
the shipping weight. As a matter of fact, however, the differences in weight 
between the several soft woods commonly used are comparatively small. 



Standard Paper Sizes 

Book papers are made in a very wide range of regular sizes, the most 

common of which are as follows: 

24x36 28x42 33x46 42x56 

25x38 28x44 36x48 44x64 

26x29 32x44 38x50 

Flat writing papers with few exceptions are made in three single sizes and 

three double sizes as follows: 



Single 


Double 


17x22 


22x34 


19x24 


24x38 


17x28 


28x34 



Most bond and linen papers are made in the same sizes as flat writing 

papers. 

Most fine correspondence papers are 21x33. 

The ordinary sizes of ledger papers are as follows: 



Single 


Double Short Way 


Double Long Way 


16x21 


21x32 


16x42 


17x22 


22x34 




17x28 


28x34 




18x23 


23x36 


18x46 


19x24 


24x38 


19x48 


20x28 







Cover papers are made in two common sizes, viz: 20x25 and 22x28, with 

many slight variations in either or both dimensions. Some are made in 

double sizes. 

Cardboards, with the exception of a few special boards, are made in one 

size only, viz: 22x28, with a few slight variations. 

Street Car Blanks, Record Bristols, etc., are made in such sizes as: 

20x25 22x34 

21x33 24x36 

Standard blotting papers are 19x24, with the exception of inter-leaving 
blotting paper which is 18x23. 

SPECIAL SIZES 

Practically all papers are made in special sizes to order. It is common 
practice among printers, publishers and manufacturers of blank books, 
loose leaf forms, etc., to order a special size for any job that requires a con- 



siderable amount of paper and that does not cut exactly out of a standard 
size, since by so doing they can avoid waste. 

While these special sizes apply to any kind of paper or cardboard that the 
printer uses they are more common in book papers than in any other kind. 
To supply the demand, some book paper mills make it a practice to cut to 
order any special length from rolls of a given width, and practically all of 
the mills accept willingly orders for both special lengths and special widths. 
Some of the larger mills will have orders on their books for as many as 
fifty special sizes at one time. 



Standard Paper Weights 

The ordinary basic weights per ream, applying to all sizes in which the 
paper is made, are as follows: 

Book Papers. 

Coated 25x38 60# 70# 75# 80# 90# 100# 110# 120# 

English Finish 25x38 50# 60# 70# 80# 100# 

Sized and Super Cal- 



endered 


25x38 


50# 60# 70# 80# 


Machine Finish 


25x38 


50# 60# 70# 80# 


Antique 


25x38 


50# 60# 70# 80# 


Offset 


25x38 


60# 80#100#120# 150# 


Cover Papers 


20x25 


32# 48# 65# 80# 130# 


Writing Papers. 






Flat 


17x22 


16# 20# 24# 28# 


Bond 


17x22 


13# 16# 20# 24# 28# 


Ledger 


17x22 


20# 24# 28# 32# 36# 


Fine correspondence 


21x33 


60# 70# 80# 100# 



Cardboards. 22x28 100# 120# 140# 

Papers are usually designated by weights; for example, a "100 pound" 
coated book paper means that a ream of 500 sheets 25x38 weighs 100 
pounds. Even if the sheets are of a special size or of some other standard 
size making the ream weigh more or less than 100 pounds the stock is 
commonly referred to as "100 pound" paper, indicating that it is of the 
same thickness as the standard. The sizes and weights tabulated are the 
standards by which other sizes are judged. 




Typical shipping cases for Bond and Ledger Papers. These cases contain 
Hammermill Bond, Size 22x34. Made by the Hammermill Paper Co., 
Erie, Pa. 



Common Terms Relating to Paper 
and Paper Making 



Animal Sized — Sized with gelatin. 

Antique Paper — A light, bulky 
paper with a soft dull surface, un- 
calendered, and as a rule contain- 
ing no loading; used largely for 
novels and other books, and for 
catalogs that have no half-tone 
illustrations. 

Bible Paper — A strong, thin opaque 
paper used originally for bibles, 
now largely for dictionaries, and 
other books that are designed to 
take up small space. 

Beater — A large cylinder with 
knives across its .surface revolving 
in a vat where the washed rags 
are beaten into fine pulp. 

Binders' Board — A hard polished 
cardboard used for the base of 
stiff book covers, etc. 

Blank — A common white cardboard 
of low grade wood pulp. 
Coated Blank — A plain blank to 
which is added on one side or both 
sides a coating of clay and size to 
give it a smooth printing surface. 
Pasted Blank — A plain blank to 
which is pasted thin paper to give 
it a smooth surface. 
Plain Blank — A blank with natural 
surface. 

White Blank — A coated blank, 
white in color. 

Bogus — ^Used to indicate various 
products of an inferior grade. 

Bogus Bristol — Imitation bristol 
board made of low grade wood 
pulp. 

Bogus Manila — Imitation manila 
paper. 

Bogus Wrapper — A coarse brittle 
wrapping paper made from refuse 
material. 



Bond Paper — Paper made of long 
fibre writing paper stock so as to 
obtain strength. Originally made 
exclusively of white rags. Wood 
pulp is now used largely in the 
cheaper grades. 

Box Board — Cheap cardboard made 
from mechanical wood pulp, waste 
paper, hemp, etc. It is used 
largely for box making. 

Box Paper — Paper of the same 
characteristics as cover paper but 
made in very thin sheets so as to 
paste down easily in covering 
boxes. 

Bristol Board — High grade card- 
board, first made in Bristol, Eng- 
land. 

Bulk — The relative thickness of 
sheets of paper. 

Calendering — Producing a smooth 
finish on paper by passing it be- 
tween polished rolls or calenders. 

Cap (or Flat Cap) — A size of 
ledger or writing paper 14x17 
inches 

Cardboard — A general term applied 
to any thick, stiff paper, either 
made originally in a single sheet 
or by pasting two or more thin 
sheets together. 

Coated — A general term applied to 
book papers, cardboards and cover 
papers which are surfaced on one 
side or both sides with an ad- 
hesive mixture of a mineral sub- 
stance such as clay and glue, 
which is rolled to a smooth 
surface. 

Coated Blotting — Blotting to 
which a sheet of coated paper is 
pasted to obtain a smooth print- 
ing surface. 



Cover — A general term applied to 
any paper designed for covering 
pamphlets usually made thicker 
and stronger than book paper and 
in colors. 

Cylinder Dried — Same as machine 
dried. 

Cylinder Machine — A paper mak- 
ing machine in which the pulp is 
carried from the vat on the surface 
of a large wire cylinder instead of 
a constantly moving horizontal 
wire screen as used on a Four- 
drinier machine. 

Dandy Roll — A light wire cylinder 
attached to paper making ma- 
chines which impresses upon the 
paper its pattern. The wires are 
made in two forms, one with a 
closely woven mesh which pro- 
duces "wove" paper: the other with 
parallel wires laid close together 
intersected by other wires at 
right angles, spaced about an inch 
apart, producing a pattern that 
is termed "laid." 

Deckle Edged Paper — Paper from 
which the rough edges formed by 
the deckle strap have not been 
removed. 

Deckle or Deckle Strap — A flex- 
ible rubber strap on a paper mak- 
ing machine to limit the width 
of the web. 

Demy — A size of ledger or writing 
paper 16x21 inches. 

Double Demy — (wide) — A sheet 
21x32 inches. 

Double Demy (long) — A sheet 
16x42 inches. 

Double Cap — A sheet 17x28 inches. 

Double Double Cap — A sheet 
28x34 inches. 

Dull Coated — Coated paper with a 
dull instead of a shiny surface, 
obtained by less calendering in 
the process of manufacture or by 
adding to the finished coated, 



glossy surface a thin size which is 
calendered just enough to make 
the surface smooth without giving 
it a polish. 

Double Folio — A sheet twice the 
size of folio: 22x34 inches. 

Double Double Folio — A sheet 
four times the size of folio: 34x44 
inches. 

Duplex — Paper that is one color 
on one side and a different color 
on the other, applied chiefly to 
cardboards and cover papers. Ob- 
tained on a coating machine by 
using a difi^erent mixture for each 
side or on a paper machine by 
passing through heavy rolls two 
sheets of difi"erent color while yet 
wet, thus causing them to adhere, 
forming a single sheet. 

Enamel — A term sometimes used in 
place of coated. 

Engine Sized — Paper that is sized 
by adding resin size to the pulp 
in the beating engine. Sometimes 
abbreviated E. S. 

Envelope Paper — Any writing 
paper made to a size from which 
envelopes will cut to advantage. 

Filler — A substance such as clay 
added to paper pulp to fill up the 
pores and thus produce a smoother 
surface when rolled or calendered. 
Filling is sometimes called loading 
for the reason that the added sub- 
stance increases the weight in 
addition to filling the pores. 

Flat Paper — Paper which comes 
from the mill in flat sheets with- 
out fold or crease. 

Flat Writing — A term applied to 
common writing paper as dis- 
tinguished from bond paper. 

Folio — A size of paper 17x22 inches, 
applied chiefly to bonds, flat 
writing, and ledgers. 

Fourdrinier — A paper making ma- 
chine named for the inventor, and 



differing essentially from the cyl- 
inder machine in that it uses a 
horizontal wire screen for carrying 
the pulp from the vat in place of 
the wire cylinder used on the 
cylinder machine. 

French Folio — A very thin paper 
similar to bond paper, used for 
second sheets, manifolding, etc. 
It is similar to onion skin, but 
does not have as high a finish. 

Glazed Paper — Paper with a 
smooth, shiny polish; applied 
chiefly to label paper, which is 
glazed on one side only. 

Gummed Paper — Paper coated 
with common gum or other ad- 
hesive material. 

Halftone Paper — Paper with a 
coated surface for printing half- 
tones. Generally referred to as 
"coated." 

Index Bristol — Bristol made of 
practically the same stock as is 
used in making bond paper. 

India Paper — (a) Thin, strong, 
yellowish printing paper, made by 
hand in China and Japan from 
vegetable fiber, and used largely 
for printing fine steel engravings. 
(b) Machine made paper resembling 
somewhat the original India paper. 
Thin, tough, and opaque. Used for 
bibles, dictionaries and other thin 
editions. Similar to bible paper. 

Jordan Engine — A refining engine, 
conical in shape, lined on the 
interior with knives, provided also 
with a core covered with knives 
on the outside and revolving on 
a shaft. 

Kid Finish — A dull finish given to 
correspondence paper and Bristol 
board, and sometimes to high 
grade book and cover papers. 

Kraft — Brown pa^er made of soda 
wood pulp of high quality, having 
considerable strength, named from 



the German word "kraft", mean- 
ing strength. 

Laid Paper — Paper made on a laid 
dandy roll. When held up to 
the light it shows a pattern con- 
sisting of parallel lines close to- 
gether in one direction, and inter- 
sected at right angles by other 
parallel lines about an inch apart. 
Applied chiefly to antique book 
paper, flat writing paper, and 
linen writing paper. 

Ledger Paper — Writing paper made 
of high grade rags which give it 
great strength, tub sized and 
rolled to give a smooth writing 
surface; distinguished from bond 
paper chiefly by its smoother 
surface and the greater thicknesses 
in which it is made. 

Linen Paper — Any paper made en- 
tirely or partly of linen fibres. Ap- 
plied chiefly to fine writing papers. 

Linen Bond — Descriptive term ap- 
plied to some high grade bond 
paper. 

Linen Ledger — Descriptive term 
applied to most high grade ledger 
papers. 

Lithographic — A soft sized, coated 
paper made especially for the 
lithographic process. Applied also 
to cardboard with a similar sur- 
face. For many purposes it is 
coated one side only. Usually 
abbreviated "Litho." 

Loading — Any substance such as 
china clay employed to fill the 
pores and thus produce a smoother 
surface. This material naturally 
adds to the weight, hence the 
term. Sometimes called "filler." 

Loft Dried — Paper dried by being 
hung up on poles in a drying 
shed or loft, and finished by nat- 
ural process of evaporation of the 
moisture. 

Machine Dried — Paper dried by 



iron or steel drying cylinders 
heated by steam. The cylinders 
are from 3 to 4 feet in diameter 
and arranged in stacks. The 
steam heat is sometimes supple- 
mented by the action of fans. 

Machine Finish — Any paper glazed 
and calendered by a calender 
which is a part of the paper ma- 
chine. Usually abbreviated "M. 
F." The term sized and calendered, 
abbreviated S. & C. which was 
formerly used to describe this 
grade of paper is now practically 
obsolete. 

Magazine Paper — Various grades 
of book paper made especially for 
magazine use — usually in rolls. 

Manifold Paper — Copying paper. 

Manila Paper — Originally made en- 
tirely of manila hemp. The term 
is now loosely applied to many 
papers made of chemical wood 
pulp and refers to the buff color 
rather than to the substance of 
which the paper is composed. 
The term used by itself generally 
refers to wrapping paper. 

Manila Writing — The same as rail- 
road manila, generally applied to 
the better grades of this paper. 

Mechanical Wood Pulp — Pulp pre- 
pared by grinding wood against 
stones in water, so-called as the 
process is purely mechanical as 
distinguished from chemical pro- 
cesses of making pulp. 

Medium — A size of ledger or writ- 
ing paper 18x23 inches. 

Middles — Common cardboard pre- 
pared from waste paper or me- 
chanical wood pulp and used as a 
base or core to which thin sheets 
of finished paper are pasted. 

News — Common printing paper 
made from a mixture of mechan- 
ical and chemical wood pulp, 
containing usually 70% of me- 



chanical. It is machine finished 
but is a lower grade of paper than 
that sold as machine finished or 
M. F. Sometimes called "news- 
print." 

Offset Paper — Paper with a dull 
surface made for offset printing, 
a process that transfers the im- 
pression to a rubber blanket and 
from this to the sheet of paper. 

Onion Skin — Light weight paper 
used for second sheets, mani- 
folding, etc. It is highly glazed, 
and its surface resembles some- 
what the skin of an onion, hence 
its name. Similar to French Folio, 
but has a more highly polished 
surface. 

Papeterie — Originally an ornamen- 
tal box or case for writing mate- 
rials, now applied commonly to 
fine grades of correspondence 
papers folded and packed with 
envelopes in a box. 

Papeterie Papers — Fine correspon- 
dence papers made especially to 
sell in boxes. 

Papier Mache — Material made of 
ordinary pulp mixed with china 
clay, rosin, etc., and molded by 
steel dies into a variety of forms, 
such as pails, tubs, etc. 

Paraffin Paper — A grease proof and 
airtight paper made by mixing 
paraffin wax with the pulp. 

Parchment — (a) Calf, sheep or goat 
skin, especially prepared for writ- 
ing purposes. (b) Applied some- 
times to writing, bond or ledger 
papers which somewhat resemble 
real parchment. 

Pasteboard — Common board made 
by covering "middles" with thin 
sheets of paper called pastings. 

Photo Mount — A thick cardboard 
made by pasting colored sheets of 
paper on a middle made of good 
cardboard stock. 



Plate Paper — Paper especially de- 
signed for printing steel plate 
engravings. 

Plate Glazed — Paper glazed in 
sheets by being placed between 
zinc or copper plates which are 
then passed through steel rolls 
under great pressure. 

Poster Paper — Common printing 
paper made the same as news, but 
usually of somewhat better quality 
and frequently colored. 

Pulp Board — A thick coarse card- 
board made of mechanical pulp 
used for making boxes, etc. 

Railroad Manila — A very cheap 
grade of writing paper of buff or 
yellowish color, so-called because 
used extensively for railroad forms. 

Ream — A package of paper con- 
sisting of 500 sheets, formerly 
480 sheets. 

Ream Wrapped — Wrapped 500 
sheets to the package before put 
into the shipping cases. Most 
writing papers are ream wrapped. 
Book papers are as a rule not 
ream wrapped. 

Size — A solution of gelatin sub- 
stances such as glue, starch or 
rosin used to glaze the surface 
of paper. 

Soda Pulp — Pulp prepared by di- 
gesting wood with caustic soda. 

Soft Paper — Unsized book or news- 
paper. 

Strawboard — Box and packing 
board made of straw pulp which 
has received very little chemical 
treatment. 

Sulphate Wood Pulp — Pulp pre- 
pared by digesting wood with a 
mixture of sulphate of soda, caustic 
soda and sulphite of soda. 

Super Calendered — Paper, either 
printing or writing, which has 
been glazed in the super-calender, 
or "Super." When applied to 
book paper, the term sized is used 



in connection with super-calen- 
dered and thus referred to as sized 
and super calendered, or S. & S. 
C. Machine finished paper is 
sized and calendered to a certain 
extent on the paper making ma- 
chine while super calendered paper 
is in addition to this process run 
through another machine called 
the super calender. 

Super Fine — Extra quality, applied 
chiefly to writing papers. 

Super Glazed — Paper with extra 
finish. 

Super Royal — A size of ledger 
paper 20x28 inches. 

Tissue — A term applied to any very 
thin paper. 

Tub Sized — Paper which is sized 
on the surface after it has been 
cut into sheets by dipping into a 
vat or tub of animal size. The 
other process of sizing is to mix 
the size in with the pulp in the 
beating engine and is called en- 
gine sizing. 

Typewriter Paper — Bond paper 
made especially for use on the 
typewriter. Usually a thin bond. 

Vellum — (a) Calfskin prepared for 
writing purposes. 

(b) A thick writing paper with a 
surface and general appearance 
which somewhat resembles vellum. 

Water Marked — Paper containing 
a pattern or lettering impressed 
into the sheet by a raised plate 
on the dandy roll. 

Wedding — Writing paper or card- 
board of high grade made espec- 
ially for wedding invitations, en- 
graved announcements, etc. 

Wove Paper — Paper made with a 
woven wire dandy roll. The 
meshes are so fine that their im- 
print is scarcely perceptible on 
the finished sheet of paper, in con- 
trast to the heavier imprint made 
by the laid dandy roll. 



NX 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

I 

018 539 206 5 * 




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